Reliability evaluation of power grid considering the influence of AC/DC interaction, energy storage, and virtual power plant

Abstract With the transformation of energy structure and the continuous development of power systems, emerging technologies such as AC/DC hybrid power grid (AC/DC HPG), ESS (ESS), and VPP (VPP) are increasingly being applied in modern power systems. In this paper, a multi-state outage probability model (MSOPM) for multiple random faults (MRF) of AC/DC components is first constructed. An optimal load shedding (OLS) model considering the flexible adjustment ability of ESS and VPP is constructed, which is used to calculate the reliability index of a single random fault.