Feasibility of monitoring CO ₂ injection in depleted UK Continental Shelf and Norwegian Continental Shelf gas fields using 4D seismic

This study investigates the CO 2 storage potential and 4D seismic monitoring capabilities of 64 depleted gas fields across the UK Continental Shelf (UKCS) and the Norwegian Continental Shelf (NCS), providing critical insights for optimizing carbon storage strategies. By analysing 4D seismic signal strength, time-shift measurements and theoretical storage capacities, the research identifies significant regional and field-specific variations. Overall, UKCS fields exhibit stronger amplitude responses, which can be attributed to distinct CO 2 phase behaviour during injection where injected CO 2 transitions from gaseous to supercritical phase. Time-shift analysis (0.2–3.1 ms in the UKCS; 0.1–2.6 ms in the NCS) consistently exceeds the minimum detectability threshold for towed streamer surveys (0.5 ms) and proves more reliable than amplitude changes, which rarely reach the required 17% normalized root mean square threshold. The non-linear relationship between seismic response and geological characteristics points to the need for tailored monitoring approaches. These findings highlight the critical role of reservoir properties, stratigraphic age and site-specific monitoring plans in guiding the design and deployment of effective carbon storage strategies in the North Sea.