Evaluating the Use of Fourier Transform Raman Spectroscopy for Pollen Chemical Characterization

Vibrational spectroscopy is gaining popularity for understanding ecological and evolutionary patterns in plants, particularly in relation to the analysis of pollen grains. So far, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) has been the main approach used to classify pollen grains based on chemical variations. However, FT-IR may be less suitable for detecting differences in the pollen grain exine, mainly composed of sporopollenin. In contrast, Raman spectroscopy has increased sensitivity for the main chemical components found within sporopollenins. We compare the classification performance and chemical information provided by FT-IR and FT-Raman using a large dataset of <i>Quercus</i> L. pollen, comprising five species in three sections: (i) <i>Cerris</i>: <i>Q</i>. <i>suber</i>, (ii) <i>Ilex</i>: <i>Q. coccifera</i>, <i>Q. rotundifolia</i>, and (iii) <i>Quercus</i>: <i>Q. robur</i>, <i>Q. faginea</i>). Here, we used multiblock sparse partial least squares discriminant analyses (MB-sPLS-DA) analyses to directly compare the two infrared methods. Both FT-IR and FT-Raman successfully classified <i>Quercus</i> pollen to section level (100% accuracy). At the species level our models achieved ∼90% accuracy for FT-Raman and FT-IR separately and in the combined multiblock model. The multiblock results showed an increased number of sporopollenin peaks observed in FT-Raman spectra as compared to FT-IR. These peaks are also of a higher importance for classification. Results also showed differences in the types of vibrations that are of diagnostic value for the two infrared methods. CH₂ deformations are more important in FT-Raman, while C-O-C, C-O, and C = O stretches are more important for FT-IR-based identification of pollen. These vibrations are indicators of carbohydrates, proteins and lipids. FT-Raman provides equally successful diagnostic potential to FT-IR, but uses more chemical information based on variations in sporopollenin chemistry than FT-IR. We suggest that the combined analysis of FT-IR and FT-Raman using multiblock analysis has great potential for classification.