Electroactive Polymers for Self-Powered Actuators and Biosensors: Advancing Biomedical Diagnostics Through Energy Harvesting Mechanisms

Electroactive polymers (EAPs) have emerged as versatile materials for self-powered actuators and biosensors, revolutionizing biomedical diagnostics and healthcare technologies. These materials harness various energy harvesting mechanisms, including piezoelectricity, triboelectricity, and ionic conductivity, to enable real-time, energy-efficient, and autonomous sensing and actuation without external power sources. This review explores recent advancements in EAP-based self-powered systems, focusing on their applications in biosensing, soft robotics, and biomedical actuation. The integration of nanomaterials, flexible electronics, and wireless communication technologies has significantly enhanced their sensitivity, durability, and multifunctionality, making them ideal for next-generation wearable and implantable medical devices. Additionally, this review discusses key challenges, including material stability, biocompatibility, and optimization strategies for enhanced performance. Future perspectives on the clinical translation of EAP-based actuators and biosensors are also highlighted, emphasizing their potential to transform smart healthcare and bioelectronic applications.