The role of physical structure in ruminant nutrition

The advancement of modern technology in livestock farming has introduced new feeding practices for ruminants, optimizing milk production. However, the increased use of concentrated feeds has also led to health challenges in dairy cows. This study examines the impact of silage particle size and the balance between fibrous and concentrated feeds on milk fat content and quality in lactating cows. Research was conducted on eight dairy farms in northern Vojvodina, Subotica district. Silage particle size was analyzed using the Penn State Particle Separator and compared to optimal standards. Information on farm feeding practices was collected from producers. The results showed significant variability in compliance with recommended silage particle sizes. Only one farm (12.5%) fully met Penn State standards, indicating frequent deviations. The study also found that a higher proportion of concentrates in the diet was linked to lower milk fat content, while farms incorporating more fibrous feeds, such as hay, achieved better results. Although silage particle size alone did not directly affect milk fat, the concentrate-to-fiber ratio significantly influenced milk fat levels. Based on these findings, it is recommended that producers increase fibrous feed, particularly hay, and reduce concentrates to improve milk fat content. Additionally, ensuring proper silage processing can contribute to better diet formulation and overall cow health. This study highlights the importance of balanced nutrition in dairy farming to support milk production and quality.