Prebiotic activity of functional whole mushroom powders in short-term in vitro colonic simulations

Minimally processed, whole mushroom powders (Cordyceps [ Cordyceps militaris ], Reishi [ Ganoderma lucidum s.l. ], Lion's Mane [ Hericium erinaceus ], and Turkey Tail [ Trametes versicolor ]) and blends (GRAS blend, 4 species; MaxSpectrum blend, 10 species) were evaluated for their effects on the human gut microbiota. Short-term in vitro colonic simulations were performed. Metabolic changes, including significant increases in acetate, propionate, and butyrate levels were observed with all test products versus untreated control. Further, beneficial bacteria were enhanced with all test products. Caco-2/THP1 co-culture studies with fermentations from Cordyceps, Reishi, and MaxSpectrum blend colonic simulations demonstrated significant improvement in intestinal barrier function with all test products versus untreated control (fecal donor-dependent). Test product-dependent/donor-dependent pro-inflammatory molecule (TNFα, CXCL10, MCP-1) decreases and anti-inflammatory cytokine (IL-6 and IL-10) increases were observed versus untreated control. Tryptamine levels increased and pyruvic acid levels decreased with these test products versus untreated control. All six mushroom products demonstrated prebiotic properties. • All tested mushroom powders stimulated short-chain fatty acid production. • All powders enhanced bacterial populations known to be beneficial to human health. • Mushroom powders containing the mycelium and fruiting body show prebiotic effects. • This study supports the benefits of consuming whole mushroom ingredients.