Concentration-dependent Effects of CuO Nanoparticles on Survival, Biomass and Reproduction in Drawida willsi (Michaelsen)

The increasing use of copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) in agriculture and consumer products has raised concerns regarding their environmental impact, particularly on soil-dwelling organisms. This study evaluates the ecotoxicological effects of CuO NPs on Drawida willsi (Michaelsen), a dominant earthworm species in croplands and a vital indicator of soil health. D. willsi were exposed to different concentrations of CuO NPs (0, 200, 400, 600, 800, and 1000 mg/kg soil) for duration of 28 days. Data on different parameters were recorded on weekly basis. Results revealed a significant, concentration-dependent decline in survival, biomass, and reproduction rate. While lower concentrations (≤400 mg/kg) exhibited minimal toxicity, higher concentrations caused substantial reductions in cocoon production and led to complete mortality at 1000 mg/kg. These findings highlight the potential ecological risks associated with CuO NP contamination in agricultural soils and emphasize the need for cautious application and disposal practices.