The role of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes and depth of invasion in T1 bladder cancer: a retrospective analysis

Muscularis mucosa invasion is a defining feature of pT1b bladder cancer and serves as a key indicator of tumor aggressiveness. While TILs were associated with aggressive tumor characteristics, their prognostic role remains inconclusive. These findings highlight the need for aggressive management strategies for pT1b disease and underscore the importance of further research into the complex interplay between TILs and tumor progression in bladder cancer.