Examining indicators of quality green and blue space: A mixed method study investigating multifunctionality

We are in a time of multiple crises, with record declines in biodiversity, a rapidly changing climate, and increasing economic divides. Governments are recognising the need for policies and management to address these multiple domains. Green and blue spaces are one such area where delivery of multiple functions is required. Understanding how quality of these spaces is measured in relation to their multifunctionality can contribute to improving policy, management, and decision making to produce better outcomes, for both people and the environment. The purpose of this study is to understand the indicators used to explore multifunctional green and blue quality, using Scotland as a case study. We apply the ‘Four Capitals’ (environment, people, community, business) framework to explore green and blue space quality, through a mixed methods design, including a scoping literature review, a survey, and stakeholder workshops. Our research identified 72 indicators of green and blue space quality. When categorised into the Four Capitals, the majority aligned with the environment or people categories. We consider the Four Capitals categories, along with the identified use and importance of the various indicators, to understand how well these account for multifunctionality. In addition to practical and policy implications of the quality indicators, our work also highlights the application of the Four Capitals framework, potential mismatches between policy needs, and the multiple demands placed on green and blue spaces, and the available scientific evidence. • Our world has multiple crises which require holistic approaches to address them. • Green and blue spaces can address multiple crises due to their multifunctionality. • The Four Capitals’ framework can assist in assessing multifunctionality. • Multifunctionality assessments could become an essential part of policy.