Legal regulation of crimes committed through artificial intelligence systems

The study aimed to analyze the legal framework for crimes committed using artificial intelligence systems in Jordan, Saudi Arabia, and France, and to explore the legislative gaps that may hinder the accountability of perpetrators of these crimes. The study adopted a comparative analytical approach, analyzing national legal texts and legislation, and reviewing legal literature and previous studies related to the topic. The study found that legislation in the three countries still relies primarily on general laws such as the Penal Code and cybercrime laws, and that specialized legislation has not yet been issued to independently regulate crimes arising from artificial intelligence. The results also indicated that France has shown relative flexibility in adapting its existing legislation to address these crimes, while Jordanian and Saudi legislation is still in the development phase and responding to technological changes. The study concluded with a number of recommendations, most notably: the need to enact laws specific to artificial intelligence that consider risk classification according to severity; amending some provisions of the Penal Code and the Code of Criminal Procedure to accommodate digital crimes and modern evidence; and establishing national committees combining legal and technical expertise to monitor developments in artificial intelligence and recommend appropriate legislative amendments. The study emphasized that achieving a balance between encouraging technological innovation and protecting society from the risks of AI misuse requires a combination of preventive and penal legislation, while ensuring respect for human rights and constitutional principles.