Assessing Supply and Demand Discrepancies of Urban Green Space in High-Density Built-Up Areas Based on Vitality Impacts: Evidence from Beijing’s Central Districts, China

In rapidly urbanizing areas, there is a notable aggregation of vitality in high-density urban environments, accompanied by an increasing discrepancy between the supply and demand of urban green space (UGS). This study presented an integrated framework comprising a model for UGS supply-demand coupling coordination and a measure of urban vitality. Using downtown Beijing as a case study, the Gini coefficient assessed UGS supply-demand disparities across different vitality types. The study examined how UGS supply and demand factors interact with urban vitality, revealing the impact of UGS supply-demand imbalances on various dimensions of vitality and the UGS mismatches experienced by different vitality groups. The study showed that: (1) 63.29% of central Beijing’s areas had low UGS supply-demand coordination, with 39.23% experiencing UGS mismatches; (2) UGS supply and demand were significantly correlated with urban vitality spatial distribution; (3) these factors significantly impacted urban comprehensive vitality; (4) and there were notable UGS distribution disparities among vitality groups, with economic vitality group perceiving the greatest inequity (Gini = 0.311), followed by social vitality (Gini = 0.289) and cultural vitality group (Gini = 0.247). These findings offer valuable insights for a more refined assessment and enhancement of UGS, aiming to achieve balanced, high-quality, and sustainable urban development.