Augmented reality learning media for electrical motor: case study in electrical engineering education

The impact of augmented reality (AR) learning tools and students' critical thinking abilities on learning outcomes in electrical engineering education is the focus of this study. The study explores the ways in which these factors, both independently and in combination, influence student performance. Findings reveal that AR-based learning materials significantly enhance understanding and retention across self-directed and guided learning models. Critical thinking skills emerge as a key determinant of success, with students exhibiting strong critical thinking consistently outperforming peers with lower-level skills, regardless of the instructional model. The study also highlights variations in AR tools' effectiveness depending on the learning model and students’ critical thinking abilities. Guided learning with AR tools benefits all students, while self-directed AR tools prove most effective for those with advanced critical thinking skills. Students with lower critical thinking abilities face challenges in navigating less structured AR environments. These results underscore the importance of fostering critical thinking and adopting tailored strategies when integrating AR technology into engineering education. By considering both the learning model and critical thinking levels, educators can optimize AR’s potential to enhance student learning outcomes in technical fields.