Search for a diffuse flux of photons with energies above tens of PeV at the Pierre Auger Observatory
Abstract Diffuse photons of energy above 0.1 PeV, produced through the interactions between cosmic rays and either interstellar matter or background radiation fields, are powerful tracers of the distribution of cosmic rays in the Galaxy. Furthermore, the measurement of a diffuse photon flux would be an important probe to test models of super-heavy dark matter decaying into gamma-rays. In this work, we search for a diffuse photon flux in the energy range between 50 PeV and 200 PeV using data from the Pierre Auger Observatory. For the first time, we combine the air-shower measurements from a 2 km 2 surface array consisting of 19 water-Cherenkov surface detectors, spaced at 433 m, with the muon measurements from an array of buried scintillators placed in the same area. Using 15 months of data, collected while the array was still under construction, we derive upper limits to the integral photon flux ranging from 13.3 to 13.8 km -2 sr -1 yr -1 above tens of PeV. We extend the Pierre Auger Observatory photon search program towards lower energies, covering more than three decades of cosmic-ray energy. This work lays the foundation for future diffuse photon searches: with the data from the next 10 years of operation of the Observatory, this limit is expected to improve by a factor of ∼20.
Authors
- Zbigniew Szadkowski (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2690-9912)
- T. Paulsen
- U. Giaccari
- Bruno L. Lago (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9672-0499)
- Marvin Gottowik (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7436-389X)
- Carla Taricco (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0129-5539)
- Giovanni Consolati (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3614-245X)
- S. Petrera (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6029-1255)
- Varada Varma Kizakke Covilakam (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5278-3172)
- T. Pierog (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7472-8710)
- G. Sigl (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4396-645X)
- R. Engel (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2924-8889)
- T. Huege (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2783-4772)
- Marta Bianciotto (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9599-3214)
- R. Squartini
- Carmina Pérez Bertolli (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9790-5732)
- Carlo Salvattore Cruz Sanchez (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0002-6173-0974)
- R. M. de Almeida (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3104-2724)
- Frank Schröder (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8495-7210)
- A. Bueno (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7439-4247)
- Gustavo Medina‐Tanco (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3202-319X)
- A. C. Fauth (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7239-0288)
- Enrico Arnone (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6740-5051)
- Enrique Varela (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0715-7513)
- Cainã de Oliveira (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4038-1509)
- O. Schölten (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3649-1254)
- Olena Tkachenko (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6393-7851)
- Lorenzo Cazon (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6748-8395)
- Pierpaolo Savina (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7670-554X)
- Lukáš Vaclavek (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0910-3415)
- B. R. Dawson (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4271-3055)
- N. Kunka (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6500-7201)
- G. Salina (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1767-0724)
- A. Haungs (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9638-7574)
- Harm Schoorlemmer (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8999-9249)
- Dalibor Nosek (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6219-200X)
- G. Parente (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2847-0461)
- F. M. Mariani (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1683-1162)
- Paula Gina Isar (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1241-584X)
- Laura Valore (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2682-8378)
- Janning Meinert (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7582-3456)
- Emanuele De Vito (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2045-7588)
- Dušan Mandát (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7748-7468)
- M. Roth (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1281-4477)
- Adila Abdul Halim (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1218-1737)
- Jiří Blažek (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5870-8947)
- Adriel Bartz Mocellin
- Berenika Čermáková
- S. J. de Jong (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3120-3367)
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- V. Rizi (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5277-6527)
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- Andres Travaini (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7875-2147)
- Alexey Yushkov (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5107-9116)
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- Lorenzo Caccianiga (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2245-5108)
- Darko Veberič (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2683-1526)
- María Isabel Micheletti (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1063-9938)
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- Felicia Barbato (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0751-6731)
- Viviana Scherini (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3762-4063)
- Gabriela Nicora (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7504-6423)
- Thomas Fitoussi (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9473-9356)
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- Katarína Simkova (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2363-9846)
- R. Caruso (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1622-8731)
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- Martin Vacula (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4844-3962)
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- Emanuele Avocone (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3757-2718)
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- Primo F. Gómez Vitale (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9689-2020)
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- H.O. Klages (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4306-021X)
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- Allan Machado Payeras (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7635-4348)
- Lorenzo Perrone (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8150-4336)
- A. Gorgi (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8085-2304)
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- José Ochoa (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0001-1395-4159)
- Teresa Bister (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4005-0857)
- Tiina Suomijärvi (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1422-258X)
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- B. Garćıa (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0919-2734)
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- Leonel Morejón (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1494-2624)
- Juan Pallotta (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4846-8748)
- J. Brack (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4096-2063)
- Igor Vaiman (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8255-3631)
- David Schmidt (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6963-1191)
- Danilo Zavrtanik (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4596-1521)
- J. Rodriguez Rojo
- A. Fuster (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6575-7958)
- I. Lhenry-Yvon (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7887-3288)
- R. Pelayo (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6973-1731)
- Qader Dorosti (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9711-0609)
- M. Straub
- A. Filipčič (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5671-1555)
- M. Ribó (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9931-4557)
- B. Fick (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8474-1700)
- Carlos J. Todero Peixoto (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3669-8212)
- R. Sato
- J. C. dos Anjos (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1487-9832)
- Margita Kubátová
- Melanie Weitz (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0001-9010-9610)
- J. A. Chinellato (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3240-6270)
- R. Sarmento (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5018-5467)
- Pavel Horváth (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6710-5339)
- G. Marsella (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3152-8874)
- Nataliia Borodai (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1864-937X)
- Kévin Almeida Cheminant (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6352-5339)
- Martin Schimassek (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4295-7719)
- M. Kleifges (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7608-4058)
- H. Schieler (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2637-4778)
- Humberto Antonio Salazar Ibarguen (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4556-7302)
- Sergio J Sciutto (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1148-3231)
- Markus Risse (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9660-8683)
- P.G. Brichetto Orchera
- Petr Janeček (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3501-7163)
- Ioana Codrina Mariş (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5771-1124)
- F. L. Briechle
- M. Cerda (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9897-8132)
- F. Gobbi
- A. Săftoiu (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7903-6510)
- L. Lopes (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8571-0033)
- Patrick Stassi (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5584-8410)
- S. Querchfeld (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2787-5010)
- C. Galea (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3075-6605)
- P. L. Ghia (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1101-4857)
- G. Matthiae (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3036-2590)
- P. Sommers (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3488-5460)
- Abha Khakurdikar (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4857-5255)
- Sonja Mayotte (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8957-8033)
- F. Sánchez (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6861-6261)
- A. Almela (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1233-2670)
- M. Schimp (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6407-7187)
- J. C. D’Olivo
- B. B. Yue (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6861-3864)
- P. Filip
- L. Deval
- Subhash Chandra Panja
- Lorenzo Apollonio (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0008-5625-5893)
- B. Andrada (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0008-4655-2384)
- Vlastimil Jílek (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5774-7285)
- S.U. Shivashankara
- V. Vašíčková
- S. Negi (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0002-7645-0940)
- Alexandra Fernandes (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9187-4007)
- Khoa Nguyen
- D. Melo (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6755-728X)
- C. Watanabe
- E. Rodriguez
- F. Krieger
- Jan Köhler
- S. Rossoni
- Gael Flores Avila (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8375-6492)
- M. Emam (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7247-936X)
- Luciana Andrade Dourado
- Petr Schovánek (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5344-7645)
- Tomáš Fodran (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0000-9529-0853)
- Matias Jorge Tueros (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1570-1419)
- D. Ravignani (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7410-8522)
- G. Cataldi (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8066-7718)
- Megha Mogarkar
- E.-T. de Boone
Institutions
- Institut de Physique (FR)
- Laboratoire de Physique Nucléaire et de Hautes Énergies (FR)
- Laboratoire de Physique Subatomique et de Cosmologie (FR)
Publication Details
- Journal
- Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics
- Published
- 2025-05-01
- DOI
- https://doi.org/10.1088/1475-7516/2025/05/061
- Citations
- 4
- Primary Topic
- Astrophysics and Cosmic Phenomena
- Type
- article
- Field-Weighted Citation Impact
- 7.48
Funders
- Strong
- Agencia Nacional de Promoción Científica y Tecnológica