A History of Social Justice in India: An Overview

India has implemented one of the most comprehensive affirmative action policies in the world, with roots that can be traced back to the colonial era. The historical trajectory of reservation policies in India, including the Gandhi–Ambedkar Pact, the provisions enshrined in the Indian Constitution, and the recommendations of various commissions such as the Kaka Kalelkar Commission and the Mandal Commission, has been pivotal in shaping the discourse on social justice. This paper examines the evolution of reservation policies from pre-independence to post-independence India, highlighting the significant role of commissions in identifying and addressing the needs of socially and educationally backward communities. The paper also explores the divergent approaches of different states like Mysore, Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Gujarat, and Bihar towards affirmative action and social justice, illustrating the regional variations in the implementation of reservation policies. By analyzing these diverse trajectories, the paper sheds light on the complexities of affirmative action in India and its impact on social, economic, and educational opportunities for marginalized groups.