The Muslim Metaverse and its Premoderns: Islam in an Expanding Reality

In February 2022, Turkey’s Directorate of Religious Affairs landed in the news when it announced that performing the pilgrimage to Mecca in the Metaverse does not count as a ‘real hajj’. Mixed reactions to this statement notwithstanding, this article argues that, in the Metaverse era, the existence of a visible but immaterial realm is not just avant-garde, post-modern, or, worse, a ‘blameworthy innovation’. Instead, today’s Muslim imaginary worlds draw upon and find echoes in premodern Islamic artworks, objects, and other forms of creative expression. The Metaverse also recalls the so-called ‘realm of similitudes’ ( ‘alam al-mithal ) developed in historical Islamic dream thought, the definitional contours and imagistic boundaries of which vary and enlarge over time. Such changes occur not only in the minds of spiritual sojourners, but also through technological innovations. All of these changes converge today to craft immersive worlds that reaffirm a historical past, play with forms in the present, and project poetic visions of what might come next.