A Cross-Chain-Based Framework to Enable Interoperability for Digital Twin Teams Developed on Heterogeneous Blockchains

The rapid expansion of digital twin (DT) applications in industrial settings has created a pressing need for robust interoperability solutions, particularly for blockchainsupported DT teams operating across heterogeneous platforms. Current blockchain frameworks struggle with seamless data exchange and operational efficiency due to interoperability limitations. In this study, we introduce an innovative cross-chain framework that leverages a relay-chain mechanism and dynamic non-fungible tokens (NFTs) to overcome these challenges. Through experimental validation on Ethereum and Hyperledger Fabric, we demonstrate the framework's effectiveness in ensuring scalability, security, and cost efficiency. The evaluation reveals minimal network latency for cross-chain transactions with a negligible impact on overall throughput. The comparative analysis further highlights the advantages of our approach over existing cross-chain solutions, offering enhanced interoperability while maintaining low deployment costs. By addressing key barriers to blockchain deployment, this work provides a practical solution for improving cross-chain collaboration and advancing industrial DT integration. Future research will focus on refining relay-chain consensus mechanisms and extending support to private blockchains to enhance adoption in multi-stakeholder environments.