Research Progress on the Improvement of Alzheimer’s Disease by Mesenchymal Stem Cell Exosomes through Different Signaling Pathways

阿尔茨海默病(Alzheimer’s Disease, AD)是最普遍的痴呆类型，是一种长期的退行性疾病。在病理学上，它定义为括β淀粉样蛋白(Amyloid-β, Aβ)沉积形成的老年斑(Senile Slaques, SP)和过度磷酸化Tau蛋白导致的神经原纤维缠结(Neurofibrillary Tangle, NFT)。这会导致神经元死亡，尤其是在海马体和皮层中。AD作为一种严重危害老年人健康的神经退行性疾病，目前缺乏有效的根治手段。间充质干细胞外泌体(Mesenchymal Stem Cell-derived Exosomes, MSC-Exos)凭借其独特的生物学特性，在AD治疗领域展现出巨大的治疗潜力。本文旨在阐述间充质干细胞外泌体调控的关键信号通路及其在AD中的作用，为AD的治疗研究提供全面且深入的参考。Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) is the most prevalent type of dementia, representing a long-term degenerative condition. Pathologically, it is characterized by the formation of senile plaques (SP) due to the deposition of amyloid-β (Aβ) and neurofibrillary tangles (NFT) caused by hyperphosphorylated tau protein. These pathological changes lead to neuronal death, particularly in the hippocampus and cortex. As a neurodegenerative disease that severely threatens the health of the elderly, AD currently lacks effective curative treatments. Mesenchymal Stem Cell-derived Exosomes (MSC-Exos) demonstrate significant therapeutic potential in the field of AD treatment due to their unique biological properties. This article aims to elucidate the key signaling pathways regulated by MSC-Exos and their role in AD, providing a comprehensive and in-depth reference for AD treatment research.