Pathogen transmission in aquaculture systems: emerging threats and control strategies

Aquaculture is the world’s most rapidly growing food production sector, representing one-third of total food output. Similar to all intensive agricultural systems, the rise in infectious illnesses has negatively affected the expansion of marine aquaculture globally. Viral infections result in significant economic detriment to marine farming. The research presents an overview of the primary obstacles hindering managing and avoiding viral infections in marine aquaculture, while emphasizing potential remedies. The primary challenges are the rise in new viral diseases, wild dams, species that migrate, human activities, deficiencies in diagnostic instruments and knowledge, the transfer of viruscontaminated water from ships, and trade across borders. The suggested remedies for these issues encompass the formulation of biosecurity regulations at both global and national tiers, the execution of biosecurity protocols, vaccine innovation, the application of antiviral medications and probiotics to address infections caused by viruses, selectively breeding of immune to disease seafood, the utilization of enhanced diagnostic instruments, disease monitoring, and the advocacy of sound animal husbandry and handling practices. A comprehensive strategy that integrates many control methods will yield more effective and enduring solutions for reducing viral infections in aquariums than relying on one control method, such as vaccination.