Understanding the association of calligraphy activities with flow experience, peace of mind, and self-focused attention among university students

The findings highlight the positive role of calligraphy activities in enhancing university students' mental well-being, particularly through promoting flow experience and peace of mind. These factors not only directly benefit self-focused attention but also serve as mediators, suggesting that calligraphy can be an effective intervention for improving concentration and emotional balance. This study underscores the potential of incorporating calligraphy into student wellness programs to support both academic performance and personal development.