Pharmacological management of acute confusional state in Latin America

Acute confusional syndrome (ACS) was described as an acute and fluctuating mental disorder, common in older adults hospitalised in Latin America. The pharmacological use of haloperidol and benzodiazepines in its treatment was analysed. Haloperidol was widely used due to its efficacy and low cost, although warnings were given about its adverse effects, such as extrapyramidal symptoms and arrhythmias. Benzodiazepines were reserved for cases of alcohol withdrawal due to their cognitive and respiratory risks. The importance of monitoring, prevention and staff training protocols was emphasised in order to improve the management of ACS in the region.