Multiresistant tuberculosis: when should multi-resistant tuberculosis be suspected in children and adolescents?

Background: Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis mainly affects the respiratory system but can spread to other organs. Its resistance arises from inappropriate use of antibiotics, complicating treatment. Its control depends on rapid diagnoses and solid health programs, especially in young people, where conditions such as HIV worsen the prognosis. Material and methods: A systematic review of bibliography published in scientific journals was carried out with the aim of compiling all the evidence available to date in order to answer the question posed. When to suspect MR TB in children and adolescents? Results: Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in children presents significant diagnostic and clinical challenges. The studies reviewed highlight risk factors such as history of treatment and contact with resistant TB. Tools such as GeneXpert and MTBDRplus facilitate rapid diagnosis, and preventive therapy with isoniazid could reduce progression to active TB in close contacts. Conclusion: Taken together, the findings underscore the importance of combining advanced diagnostic methods, a comprehensive assessment of the epidemiological context, and additional support strategies to address the challenges of MDR-TB in children and adolescents. This combination of approaches can guide clinical decision making and strengthen capacity to effectively identify and treat youth at risk for MDR-TB.