Quarter-Hourly Power Load Forecasting Based on a Hybrid CNN-BiLSTM-Attention Model with CEEMDAN, K-Means, and VMD

Accurate long-term power load forecasting in the grid is crucial for supply–demand balance analysis in new power systems. It helps to identify potential power market risks and uncertainties in advance, thereby enhancing the stability and efficiency of power systems. Given the temporal and nonlinear features of power load, this paper proposes a hybrid load-forecasting model using attention mechanisms, CNN, and BiLSTM. Historical load data are processed via CEEMDAN, K-means clustering, and VMD for significant regularity and uncertainty feature extraction. The CNN layer extracts features from climate and date inputs, while BiLSTM captures short- and long-term dependencies from both forward and backward directions. Attention mechanisms enhance key information. This approach is applied for seasonal load forecasting. Several comparative experiments show the proposed model’s high accuracy, with MAPE values of 1.41%, 1.25%, 1.08% and 1.67% for the four seasons. It outperforms other methods, with improvements of 0.25–2.53 GWh2 in MSE, 0.15–0.1 GWh in RMSE, 0.1–0.74 GWh in MAE and 0.22–1.40% in MAPE. Furthermore, the effectiveness of the data processing method and the impact of training data volume on forecasting accuracy are analyzed. The results indicate that decomposing and clustering historical load data, along with large-scale data training, can both boost forecasting accuracy.