Real-Time Monitoring of Vagal Modulation through Sensor-Based Breathing Analysis

Aim & Objective: This project introduces a real-time sensor-based monitoring system designed to evaluate physiological responses during controlled breathing exercises. By integrating heart rate variability (HRV), respiration patterns, and oxygen saturation (SpO2) data, the system provides a comprehensive assessment of autonomic nervous system regulation, particularly vagal modulation. The primary objective is to explore the influence of slow and deep breathing techniques on enhancing parasympathetic activity, promoting relaxation, and supporting overall well-being. The system architecture is built around an ESP32 microcontroller that interfaces with multiple biosensors, including the MAX30102 for HRV and SpO2 monitoring and a dedicated respiration sensor. Real-time data is displayed via an LCD screen, with an integrated buzzer alert mechanism to notify users of abnormal physiological readings. Through a series of structured experiments, participants perform various breathing techniques, during which the system continuously captures and analyses physiological metrics. These experiments aim to quantify the impact of breathing exercises on autonomic balance, oxygen efficiency, and stress modulation. Result: voltage regulation in a linear supply can result in low efficiency. Data analysis involves time-based comparisons of HRV parameters, respiration rates, and SpO2 levels to evaluate changes in sympathetic and parasympathetic activity. In addition to objective data, participants’ subjective experiences are recorded to validate system effectiveness. Result: voltage regulation in a linear supply can result in low efficiency.