Evaluation of the Impact of Nitrogen Dioxide Concentrations and Land Surface Temperature on Vegetation Cover Density in Al-Qatif Governorate Using Remote Sensing and Geographic Information System Techniques

This study aims to evaluate the relationship between nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) concentrations, land surface temperature (LST), and vegetation health in Qatif Governorate, Saudi Arabia, using remote sensing techniques, Geographic Information Systems (GIS), and the Google Earth Engine platform. The results revealed a significant increase in NO₂ concentrations during winter compared to summer, with values ranging between 0.18 and 0.232 × 10³ mol/m² in winter and 0.162 and 0.182 × 10³ mol/m² in summer from 2018 to 2022.