The role of oral microbiota in the etiology, pathogenesis of periodontitis and systemic pathology

This review presents an analysis of modern data on the role of oral microbiota in the etiology and pathogenesis of periodontitis as a widespread disease that negatively affects the quality of human life and is associated with the development of systemic pathology. The peculiarities of the oral cavity microbiota structure in healthy people and persons with periodontitis are characterised, the microorganisms etiologically significant in periodontitis are specified, species Porphyromonas gingivalis, Aggregatibacter actinomycetecomitans, Fusobacterium nucleatum and Tannerella forsythia, as well as Treponema denticola, Prevotella intermedia, Campylobacter rectus, Peptostreptococcus micros and the genus Spirochetes. The most significant role is attributed to Porphyromonas gingivalis, which is able to disrupt the balance of microbial communities and cause an infectious process. In addition, Porphyromonas gingivalis interacts with other microorganisms that colonise the periodontal pocket in the early stages of the disease, which contributes to the progression of periodontitis and irreversible changes in the supporting and retaining tissues of the tooth and alveolar bone, resulting in tooth loss. The aim of the study was to systematise the literature data on the study of the mechanisms of bacterial penetration into biofilm, oral tissues and further spread of the infectious process in the body to substantiate new possible strategies in the diagnosis, prevention and treatment of patients with periodontal diseases.