The geographical distribution of neuroendocrine neoplasms in England (2012–2018)

Neuroendocrine Neoplasms (NEN) are increasing in incidence in England over the past two decades. Geographic and socio-economic disparities influence both incidence and survival rates. This study explores the relationship between environmental factors, access to specialised care in Centres of Excellence (CoE), and survival outcomes for NEN patients across England using Geographical Information Systems (GIS) to visualise disease distribution. Data on 19,958 NEN cases diagnosed between 2012 and 2018 were retrieved from the National Cancer Registry and Analysis Service (NCRAS) in England. GIS was used to analyse patient data, including spatial units, environmental factors, and travel times to CoE. Statistical analyses, including age-standardised rates, spatial autocorrelation, and survival analyses, were performed using QGIS, SPSS, R, and Stata software. Regional distribution showed the highest age-standardised rates (ASR) in the North-East, with lung NEN demonstrating significant spatial clustering. Environmental exposures, such as PM2.5 pollution, did not show a strong correlation with NEN distribution. Longer travel times to specialised centres were associated with worse overall survival, particularly in rural areas and among patients with higher socio-economic deprivation. Minor variations in survival rates were observed across different geographical regions when compared to London. This study highlights the uneven burden of disease across different regions in England. We have demonstrated variation in the country relating to anatomical sites and significant differences within rural or urban environments. Proximity to specialist centres was associated with better overall survival, highlighting the need for improved access to care.