Flexible haptic feedback actuators

As a core element of human-computer interaction, haptic feedback technology has demonstrated significant value in various fields such as virtual reality, teleoperation, and healthcare. However, traditional rigid haptic feedback devices have limitations in their application scenarios due to issues such as bulkiness and poor compatibility. Flexible haptic feedback actuators, with their advantages of lightweight, compliance, and high integration, have become a key direction to break through the existing technological bottlenecks. This review systematically summarizes the material systems, actuation principles, feedback modalities, and applications of flexible haptic feedback actuators. In addition, the article discusses the future challenges and development trends in this field, including high-precision, high-resolution, multidimensional haptic sensing, and integration with cutting-edge technology. By integrating the current development progress of flexible haptic feedback actuators, this review aims to provide theoretical references and technical routes for the development of next-generation flexible haptic feedback systems, in order to promote the practical application of flexible haptic technology in complex scenarios.