Exogenous L-Cysteine and Its Transport Through CtaP Play a Role in Biofilm Formation, Swimming Motility, and Swarming Motility of Listeria monocytogenes

<i>Listeria monocytogenes</i> is of a significant concern for the food industry, largely due to its ability to form biofilms. Flagellar motility and environmental factors are crucial for biofilm formation. Cysteine is an important compound affecting the behavior of this bacterium; therefore, we investigated its role in growth, biofilm formation and motility of <i>L. monocytogenes</i> 10403S through a mutant in cysteine uptake (Δ<i>ctaP</i>). Basal defined media (DM) and L-cysteine-supplemented DM were used. Biofilm formation was promoted by L-cysteine supplementation in both wild type (WT) and Δ<i>ctaP</i>. Lower biofilm formation of Δ<i>ctaP</i> compared to WT indicates the significance of the cysteine transporter and cysteine uptake. A negative correlation was found between growth and biofilm formation, especially in the presence of high L-cysteine concentrations. Motility experiments showed that as the L-cysteine concentration increased, the swarming motility of WT decreased. Furthermore, swimming motility of WT was enhanced with L-cysteine supplementation, while the swimming motility of Δ<i>ctaP</i> remained unaffected. To evaluate the role of cysteine and CtaP in biofilm formation and motility, transcriptome analysis, comparing WT and Δ<i>ctaP</i> in basal and L-cysteine-supplemented (1.57 and 3.67 mM) DM, was conducted at 37 °C. The investigation of biofilm-related genes explained the role of <i>ctaP</i> and revealed induced expression of flagella and chemotaxis genes by L-cysteine.