Peacebuilding in Somalia: Local Realities, Federal Aspirations, and the Shifting Role of External Support

Somalia has made measured but meaningful progress in its peacebuilding trajectory, despite enduring legacies of protracted conflict, institutional fragility, fragmented governance, and entrenched dependency on external assistance. This article explores the nuanced interplay between local peacebuilding efforts, federalization, and international support, particularly through the United Nations Assistance Mission in Somalia (UNSOM). Employing a qualitative methodology grounded in thematic content analysis, the study draws on policy documents, official reports, and in-depth semi-structured interviews with key stakeholders, including government officials, civil society actors, international partners, and local community leaders. The analysis reveals that while significant efforts have been undertaken to promote reconciliation, state-building, and democratic governance, these efforts often remain disjointed and externally driven, limiting their long-term impact. Notably, the research underscores the resilience and agency of Somali communities, whose informal and indigenous mechanisms of conflict resolution continue to play a vital—albeit under-recognized—role in sustaining peace at the local level. The article further identifies persistent tensions between federal and regional authorities, challenges in aligning donor priorities with local needs, and the necessity for a more coordinated and context-sensitive international response. It concludes by advocating for a reorientation of peacebuilding frameworks towards a more inclusive, participatory, and locally anchored approach that elevates Somali ownership and leadership in the peace process.