Highway Development and Sustainability in Central India: Dual Analysis of Economic and Environmental Aspects

Highway development is a key driver of economic growth and regional integration, particularly in developing countries like India. However, large-scale infrastructure projects often lead to significant ecological disruption if sustainability is not integrated into the planning and execution phases. This study presents a comprehensive evaluation of the economic and environmental aspects of highway development in Chhattisgarh, India, using three major corridors—NH-30, NH-130, and NH-130CD—as case studies. The economic performance was assessed using standard indicators including Net Present Value (NPV), Benefit-Cost Ratio (BCR), Economic Rate of Return (ERR), and Payback Period, while environmental impacts were evaluated based on land use change, deforestation, pollution levels, biodiversity disruption, and climate resilience. Results indicate that all three corridors are economically viable, with NH-130CD performing best in terms of returns. However, NH-30 and NH-130CD were found to significantly impact forests, wildlife corridors, and soil and water systems due to inadequate mitigation planning. An integrated analysis revealed clear trade-offs between economic efficiency and ecological sustainability, emphasizing the need for strategic environmental assessments, green infrastructure integration, and participatory planning—especially in tribal and forest-dominated areas. The study concludes with a set of policy recommendations aimed at enhancing the long-term sustainability of highway development in India.