Green Synthesis of New Chromenopyridines as New Heterocyclic Compounds and Evaluation of Biological Activity Using ZnO/Fe₃O₄ Decorated on Graphene Oxide

ABSTRACT This study effectively synthesized chromenopyridines, a new type of fused heterocyclic compound, using a multicomponent process with high efficiency. The procedure employed 4‐aminocoumarin, 2‐arylidenemalononitrile, and isothiocyanates in an aqueous solution at ambient temperature, utilizing ZnO/Fe 3 O 4 @GO as a recyclable catalyst. The synthesized compounds were evaluated for their antiproliferative efficacy against MCF‐7 breast and HCT‐15 colon cancer cell lines utilizing the sulforhodamine B (SRB) assay. Compounds 4c and 4g showed enhanced antiproliferative activity relative to the other produced compounds. The compounds 4c and 4g underwent UV–Vis spectroscopy to assess their binding affinity for DNA and BSA. The investigation produced comprehensive affinity constants. K 4c ‐DNA = 7.42 × 10 3 M −1 , K 4g ‐DNA = 1.23 × 10 4 M −1 , K 4c ‐BSA = 4.32 × 10 4 M −1 , and K 4g ‐BSA = 7.23 × 10 4 M −1 . The examination of the antioxidant properties of produced chemicals constitutes another aspect of this research. The antioxidant property was assessed using two methods: the DPPH radical assay and the Fe 3+ reducing assay. Our research findings may provide new evidence illustrating the relationship between the chemical makeup and the capacity of these novel chromenopyridine analogs to impede cancer proliferation. The synthesis of fused chromenopyridines demonstrated several advantageous properties, including rapid reactions, elevated yields of the final product, and straightforward separation of the catalyst and product from the reaction mixture. The synthesized catalyst is an inexpensive and high yield. Separation of catalysts is very easy by an external magnet. The reaction conditions are simple and easy to perform.