Preface to ‘Microwave science in sustainability’

The microwave region of the electromagnetic spectrum has long been a subject of scientific curiosity, technological innovation and public intrigue.While many people associate microwaves primarily with their kitchen appliances, the reality is that microwaves underpin a vast array of scientific and industrial innovations, from satellite communications and quantum technologies to clean energy production and sustainable materials processing.The rapid advances in microwave science, particularly in relation to sustainability and energy efficiency, form the core theme of this special issue of the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society.The interdisciplinary nature of microwave research means that its impact is felt across chemistry, physics, materials science and engineering, with profound implications for the future of energy, communications, waste management and recycling.The articles collected in this issue are drawn from presentations at a recent Royal Society discussion meeting that brought together leading experts across these disciplines to address fundamental questions and explore transformative new applications of microwave technology.A key motivation for this special issue is the recognition that microwave-driven processes have the potential to reshape our approach to some of the most pressing global challenges.For example, one particularly promising area is the development of advanced battery materials, where microwaves are enabling breakthroughs in the synthesis of high-quality battery electrodes.Recent studies have shown that microwave-assisted synthesis can dramatically enhance their performance, achieving nearly 100% theoretical capacity while extending their lifespan, thereby offering a sustainable and efficient energy storage solution.The role of microwaves in energy generation extends beyond batteries to the production of clean hydrogen