Adverse Events Following the Administration of ICM: Kidney, Thyroid, and Allergic Complications

This review aimed to investigate the negative consequences arising from the use of iodinated contrast media (ICM) in radiological diagnostics. A review of scientific literature was conducted, searching for studies using the following keywords: efficacy of ICM, side effects of iodine contrast agents in radiology, nephrotoxicity following iodine contrast administration, and thyroid damage after iodine contrast administration. The review found that the administration of ICM was associated with various complications, including kidney impairment, thyroid disorders, allergic reactions, and neurological disturbances. Contrast-induced nephropathy was more common in patients with COVID-19, acute pancreatitis, cancer, and chronic kidney disease, especially in those with an estimated glomerular filtration rate below 30 mL/min/1.73 m2. In such patients, the risk of developing contrast-induced nephropathy and subsequent mortality was significantly increased. Thyroid gland disorders include hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism, especially in patients with a predisposition to thyroid diseases. Premature infants and patients with congenital heart defects demonstrated transient hypothyroidism after the administration of ICM. In some cases of hysterosalpingography, hyperthyroidism was associated with elevated levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone antibodies. Iodine-induced hyperthyroidism could require significant intervention, including plasmapheresis and thyroidectomy. Allergic reactions to iodinated contrast media occurred in 0.6% of patients, most commonly manifesting in a mild form. Severe reactions, such as anaphylaxis, were rare. Prophylactic therapy did not always prevent the development of hypersensitivity reactions. Changing the contrast agent was considered a more effective measure, reducing the risk of recurrent reactions. Rare but significant complications included encephalopathy, which was accompanied by reversible neurological symptoms. The results of this review will help clinicians better understand the potential side effects and complications following the administration of ICM and optimise preparation for diagnostic procedures.