Notice of Removal: An Advanced 3-Stage Phased Array Architecture

This paper introduces an advanced 3-stage phased array antenna (PAA) architecture designed to enable polarization-switchable beamforming and wide-angle scanning while maintaining high broadside gain. The first stage facilitates polarization selection, and the second stage supports beamforming pattern control, both implemented at the element level. These stages seamlessly integrate with progressive phase control in the third stage for array-level implementations. To validate the feasibility of the proposed 3-stage architecture, a 2-stage four-port antenna and a 1-by-3 3-stage phased array are designed, fabricated, and tested. The 2-stage antenna achieves dual ±45° linear polarizations, switchable orthogonal linear polarizations, and right-hand (RH) and left-hand (LH) circular polarizations (CP), with element-level beamforming in both vertical and horizontal planes. The 1-by-3 array demonstrates main lobe coverage up to θ = ±60°with suppressed sidelobe levels (SLLs) under 0.83λ element spacing. The proposed antennas and arrays feature port isolations exceeding 20 dB, stable active reflection coefficients (ARCs), and high cross-polarization discrimination (XPD) across agile radiation states. Multi-port collaboration enables agile radiation without compromising radiation power during polarization and beam switching. The 3-stage PAA architecture and associated antenna designs exhibit competitive advantages for reconfigurable, MIMO, and phased array antenna applications.