Non-Invasive Glucose Sensing System Using Microwave Technology for Saliva-Based Diabetes Management

Diabetes is a global health issue that requires continuous monitoring of blood glucose levels to manage the disease and prevent complications. Traditional methods, like finger-prick tests, are invasive and inconvenient, leading many patients to avoid regular testing. This article presents a low-cost, non-invasive method for continuous glucose monitoring to address these challenges. The study presents a novel triple-ring implantable antenna designed to function as a tooth cap, which utilizes saliva to monitor glucose levels. The antenna operates across a wide frequency range from 5 GHz to 9.5 GHz, including the 5.8 GHz ISM band. The study establishes a detailed correlation between blood glucose levels (BGL), saliva glucose levels (SGL), and the dielectric properties of saliva. This relationship is used to demonstrate how resonant frequency can act as a sensing parameter for glucose levels. The findings highlight the potential of microwave-based, non-invasive sensors for effective and continuous glucose monitoring.