Design and Analysis of Multi-Beam SIW-based Hexagonal MIMO Antenna Using Phase and Amplitude Switching Technique

A hexagonal multiple input multiple output (MIMO) antenna architecture based on multi-slot substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) technology is proposed for multi-direction beamforming. For high side lobe level (SLL) reduction, nonlinear statistical probability distribution function (PDF) and rotational factor are incorporated in 1 <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">$\times 8$</tex> slotted SIW structure. The MIMO antenna is structured symmetrically through a multi-folding technique. The detailed characterization of multidirectional multibeams is done by even-odd port tuning technique in both phase and magnitude. An overall reduction of SLL to 15.3 dB and half power beamwidth (HPBW) <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">$&lt; 10^{\circ}$</tex> makes the beam directive such that the beam scanning in mm-Wave 5G/6G, satellite communication and ground surveillance become more prominent.