A Closed-Form Formulation for EM Wave Pathloss into Train Wagons

This paper presents a comprehensive analysis of electromagnetic (EM) wave pathloss into train wagons, with a focus on signal penetration through windows. The analysis is applicable to various train types and window configurations, including both coated and uncoated panes. A closed-form expression is derived to accurately calculate the average power received by an onboard antenna, based on the available electromagnetic power density at the window surface. This formulation provides a valuable tool for network designers, enabling more efficient planning of wireless services onboard trains.