Solar‐Powered Desalination Technologies for Sustainable Water Security Solutions

The increasing global demand for freshwater, coupled with the depletion of conventional water sources, has made desalination an important area of research. Solar‐powered desalination presents a sustainable alternative by harnessing renewable energy to reduce carbon emissions and operational costs. This paper examines key solar desalination technologies, including solar thermal, photovoltaic (PV)‐driven reverse osmosis (RO), and solar stills, assessing their efficiency, scalability, and environmental impact. It explores their role in addressing water scarcity, evaluates their economic viability, and compares their environmental impact with conventional desalination methods. Additionally, the review offers recommendations for advancing solar desalination through policy support, technological innovation, and market development. While these methods offer promising solutions, widespread adoption is hindered by high capital costs, energy intermittency, and technological limitations. However, innovations in hybrid renewable energy systems, energy storage, and advanced desalination membranes present opportunities for improvement. Future research should focus on enhancing system efficiency, reducing costs, and integrating solar desalination with agricultural and industrial applications. Supportive policies and financial incentives are important to facilitate large‐scale implementation, particularly in water‐stressed and off‐grid regions. By contributing to global water security (United Nations [UN] Sustainable Development Goal [SDG] 6) and clean energy goals (SDG 7), solar desalination holds significant potential for a more sustainable and resilient future.