Metaheuristic Optimization of PID Controllers for Improved Stability and Oscillation Control in Solar PV and Battery-Integrated DC

A DC microgrid is increasingly preferred for integrating renewable energy sources such as solar, wind, and biodiesel for electrical power distribution. Solar photovoltaic (PV) power generation, in particular, is often supported by a battery energy storage system (BESS) to ensure continuous and reliable power supply to the loads. To maximize power extraction from solar or wind sources, Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) combined with DC-to-DC voltage control plays a crucial role. This paper analyzes the early synchronization and MPPT of solar power with the grid, as well as the enhanced active power transfer capability. For this purpose, Metaheuristic Optimization-based Proportional Integral and Derivative (MOPID) controllers, such as Whale Optimization Algorithm (WOA) and Grey-Wolf Optimization (GWO), are compared to demonstrate their operational effectiveness. These controllers are incorporated into the control scheme of the solar MPPT DC-DC converter, offering improved damping, better power transfer capability, faster settling times, and reduced overshoot compared to systems without controllers. The performance of the system is verified using MATLAB/Simulink in a simple DC-microgrid environment.