Mechanisms of Metal Ion-Mediated “Inflammation-Repair” Dynamic Regulatory Network and Related Biomimetic Material Design Strategies

金属离子作为生命体内关键的信号分子，通过动态调控炎症–修复平衡，在免疫稳态维持与组织再生中发挥核心作用。本文系统阐述了铁、锌、铜等金属离子通过氧化应激调控(如铁过载通过Fenton反应使ROS生成增加4.1倍)、免疫细胞极化(锌缺乏致Th1/Th2比值降至0.8 ± 0.3)及信号通路激活(铜复合物抑制NLRP3炎症小体组装使IL-1β分泌减少82%)等机制，精密协调炎症反应与修复进程。进一步揭示了创面微环境中金属离子梯度(如Ca2+浓度由1.2 mM升至3.8 mM激活凝血因子X活性3.5倍)的时空调控网络，及其在糖尿病溃疡(Zn-HA敷料使愈合率提升至92%)和骨整合(镁合金植入体骨强度提高37%)等临床场景的应用潜力。基于此，开发了三大类功能材料：生物降解金属支架(如WE43镁合金降解速率0.2~0.5 mm/year，促血管新生2.3倍)、金属有机框架(ZIF-8在pH 5.5时Zn2+释放85%，抗菌效率达99.5%)及光控系统(CuproCleav-1光触发后Cu2+释放速率提升12倍)，通过模拟生理性离子释放模式，实现促修复与免疫调节的协同效应。未来研究需聚焦多组学联用技术、智能材料动力学优化及靶向递送系统开发，以推动金属离子调控策略在再生医学中的转化应用。Metal ions, as critical signaling molecules in living organisms, play a central role in maintaining immune homeostasis and tissue regeneration by dynamically regulating the inflammation-repair balance. This article systematically elucidates the mechanisms by which iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), and other metal ions precisely coordinate inflammatory responses and repair processes through oxidative stress regulation (e.g., iron overload increases ROS generation by 4.1× via the Fenton reaction), immune cell polarization (e.g., zinc deficiency reduces the Th1/Th2 ratio to 0.8 ± 0.3), and signaling pathway activation (e.g., copper complexes inhibit NLRP3 inflammasome assembly, decreasing IL-1β secretion by 82%). Furthermore, it reveals the spatiotemporal regulatory network of metal ion gradients in wound microenvironments (e.g., Ca2+ concentration increases from 1.2 mM to 3.8 mM, enhancing coagulation factor X activity by 3.5×), along with their application potential in clinical scenarios such as diabetic ulcers (Zn-HA dressings elevate healing rates to 92%) and osseointegration (magnesium alloy implants improve bone strength by 37%). Based on this, three categories of functional materials have been developed: biodegradable metal stents (e.g., WE43 magnesium alloy with a degradation rate of 0.2~0.5 mm/year, promoting angiogenesis by 2.3×), metal-organic frameworks (e.g., ZIF-8 releasing 85% Zn2+ at pH 5.5, achieving 99.5% antibacterial efficiency), and light-controlled systems (e.g., CuproCleav-1 enhancing Cu2+ release rate by 12× upon photoactivation), which synergize pro-repair and immunomodulatory effects by mimicking physiological ion release patterns. Future research should focus on multi-omics integration technologies, dynamic optimization of smart materials, and development of targeted delivery systems to advance the translational application of metal ion regulatory strategies in regenerative medicine.