Gingival Zenith Variations in Maxillary Anterior Teeth Across Age and Gender in the Pakistani Population

Background: The gingival zenith plays a crucial role in influencing axial alignment and prosthetic contours. Therefore, its spatial disposition serves as a key reference for aesthetic restorations. The study examined gingival zenith position (GZP) variations in anterior maxillary teeth across different age groups and genders in the Pakistani population. Methodology: This cross-sectional study was carried out in the clinical setting of Islamic International Dental Hospital (IIDH) from July 2022 through August 2024 on the patients who came into the out-patient department of IIDH, which included 133 participants aged 21–60 years selected by a consecutive sampling technique. GZP was measured about the vertical bisecting midline using a digital caliper on dental casts. Data analysis was conducted using IBM SPSS version 25, with chi-square tests for categorical variables, independent t-tests for gender differences, and ANOVA for age group comparisons, with a significance level set at 0.05. Results: The sample comprised 44(33%) young adults (16–25 years) and 62% females. Distal gingival zenith deviations were most common in central and lateral incisors, with the highest rate in the left lateral incisor (56%). Canines showed nearly equal rates of no deviation and distal deviation (49% each). Mean deviations were highest in central incisors (0.33 ± 0.49). While gender had no significant impact (p > 0.05), age significantly influenced deviations in central incisors, the right lateral incisor, and canines (p < 0.05), with older participants exhibiting more distal deviations. Conclusion: Distal deviation is predominant in central and lateral incisors, correlating with age but not gender. These findings underscore the importance of age-specific reference points in periodontal and restorative procedures.