Orthodox pedagogical methodology as a theoretical basis for solving the main pedagogical question

The criterion of authenticity of any methodology is its ability to solve the main issues of this science, which in pedagogy is the issue of development and education. The article shows how this issue is solved in different directions of pedagogical thought. In the theories of free education, the development of a person is determined by his internal prerequisites and characteristics; in the theories of authoritarian education, self-education comes first, which rigidly determines the development of a person; in the theories of essence-developing education, the organic unity of development and education is proved.Orthodox pedagogical methodology, which is the theory of essential-developmental education, not only states the organic unity of development and education, but also, revealing the essence of education, explains why education is the factor without which there can be no human development. Education is a special generic activity, which, unlike all other activities, is aimed at the purposeful formation of a person, since it forms all generic human activities, through which a person communicates with God, and masters the anthropic, that is, the integral substantial–essential world, and in this process forms and develops himself. And so parenting is actually a kind of meta-activity.Based on this understanding, education is characterized as a special generic activity with its components: an object that acts in two ways: it is both the person to whom education is directed, and who in this case is an object, and at the same time it is a person who is the subject of educational activity, and because of this he has his own subject activities, which is the content of education; the purpose of education, which goes back to the essence of man – the idea of "the image of God and the likeness of God", and which involves a holistic comprehensive education of a person in the unity of spiritual, moral, mental, speech, aesthetic, labor and physical education; the process of education in the unity of its trajectory, which involves the preparation of a person not only for earthly life, but also eternal; orientation of education, in which there is a vector of positive human development and a vector of overcoming negative aspects of human development; method – direct interaction of the teacher and the student; the result as a result of human development in educational activities.