Changes in Sucking Patterns and Craniofacial Dimensions in Neonates: A Pilot Study

Introduction: The influence of sucking patterns during breastfeeding (BF) on craniofacial (CF) growth is beginning to be investigated. Therefore, a preliminary pilot study is needed to provide methodological validity to a primary study. Objective: To evaluate sucking patterns measurements and CF structures at two different points in time in newborns (NB) during breastfeeding. Methodology: Sixteen full-term newborns (FTNB), 37-40 weeks of gestation (WG), and birth weight ≥ 2500 g were observed. FTNBs with CF anomalies and neuromotor, or cardiorespiratory disorders were excluded. The research was approved by institutional ethics committees. An examiner assessed the sucking patterns using the Neonatal Oral Motor Assessment Scale (NOMAS) through the analysis of a video recording. Two general anthropometric variables and nine craniofacial variables were measured at two points in time (T1-T2) with an eight-day difference. Statistical Analysis: To identify differences between sucking patterns and CF dimensions, the variable di = Yi2-Yi1 was constructed, and a null Ho:u_d = 0 hypothesis was proposed. The Kappa Index measured the concordance of NOMAS characteristics. Results: The p-values of CF measurements were > 0.05, meaning, the null hypothesis was not rejected, except for the anteroposterior head length variable, p = 0.04. The Kappa Index = 0.82 showed concordance with NOMAS characteristics at T1/T2. Conclusion: It is the nursing and the interdisciplinary team’s responsibility to assess changes in the neonate’s sucking pattern to promote effective breastfeeding and ensure comprehensive newborn care.