Goalball: a Look at Balance and Muscle Strength in Athletes with Visual Disability

The purpose of this investigation was to find out the impacts of goalball on balance and muscle strength among visually impaired sport participants in a PRISMA systematic review involving 32 studies. Analysis demonstrated a significant gain of 28% in dynamic balance (p<0.001) and 22% in isometric strength (p=0.003), revealing specific neuromuscular adaptation. Force platforms (used in 78% of the studies) resulted in a 42% reduction in postural sway, and isokinetic dynamometry yielded H:Q ratios >0.75 for the lower limbs. The most effective protocols consisted of 4:1 work-rest microcycles with vibratory stimuli (40-50 Hz) and resulted in an effect size d=0.8. Moderate-high heterogeneity (I²=45-62%) was reported, owing to methodological differences, but the results support goalball as a useful intervention. The study prescribes evidence-based measurement standards (COP <5mm²/s) and training (immediate haptic feedback) to maximize performance in this modified sport.