Spatial multi-criteria decision analysis on underground water harvesting using PV water pumping system

In Iran, groundwater resources are essential for agricultural irrigation, but their sustainable use requires efficient energy solutions. This study introduces an innovative approach for evaluating the feasibility of photovoltaic water pumping systems (PVWPS) using Geographic Information System (GIS) and Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP). By integrating spatial analysis and multi-criteria decision-making, the methodology identifies suitable locations for PVWPS implementation across Iran. The study incorporates hydrological, solar, and land-use data to generate a comprehensive suitability map, addressing energy demand, solar radiation, well characteristics, and land constraints. Results indicate that approximately 12.1% of related lands are suitable for PVWPS, with the northwestern and southwestern regions being the most favorable due to optimal water and solar conditions. The study highlights the potential of PVWPS as a sustainable solution for irrigation in arid regions and offers a scalable framework for similar analyses globally. This research underscores the need for targeted investments and policies to promote renewable energy in agriculture, particularly in regions with high groundwater dependency.