Optimization of ultrasound-assisted extraction of apple peel using central composite design for extractive yield, phenolic content, and antioxidant activity

Malaria remains a global health challenge, with increasing interest in plant-based therapies as potential The study was designed to optimize the ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) of apple peel using a central composite design (CCD) for extractive yield, total phenolic content (TPC), and antioxidant activity. The Lal-Ambri variety of apples was subjected to UAE in the present study. A probe sonicator was used for the extraction process with variable time (3.96 to 11.03 min) and temperature (35.85 to 64.14) as per CCD. The full quadratic model showed significant (P < 0.05) effects of time and temperature on extractive yield, TPC, and antioxidant activity. The model equation showed a significant (P < 0.05) negative coefficient of the interaction of time and temperature on extractive yield and a significant (P < 0.05) negative coefficient of time, temperature, and their interaction on TPC. The results indicated that extractive yield, TPC, and antioxidant activity decrease when time and temperature exceed certain limits. The optimized value for UAE time and temperature was found to be 7.29 min and 46.92 0C for maximum product response. The results suggest that 7-8 min at 45-50 0C may be sufficient for UAE extraction process. The research work is suggested to investigate additional variables to further enhance the efficiency and applicability of UAE in extracting phytoconstituents from plant materials.