The role and place of participatory democracy in the multi-level system of governance in the European Union

The article examines the role and place of participatory democracy within the multi-level governance system of the European Union (EU) in the context of Ukraine’s prospects for EU membership. It is noted that Ukraine’s attainment of candidate status for EU membership has stimulated the implementation of the provisions of the EU founding treaties and the European integration course enshrined in the Constitution of Ukraine. The article considers the ideas of both foreign and domestic scholars, including V.O. Seriohin, F. Bran, D.O. Bodislav, K.V. Rădulescu, A.I. Solovyov, O.Yu. Orzhel, O.M. Palii, Yu.D. Polyanskyi, S.M. Hladkova, S.V. Sokolyk, P.I. Kraiinyk, T.O. Husachenko, among others. These insights enabled a deeper reflection on the levels of the EU’s multi-level governance system. The author highlights the necessity of understanding the legal nature of multi-level governance, which is characterized by a division of competences among supranational, national, regional, and local levels. It is established that multi-level governance in the EU does not imply a limitation of the sovereignty of Member States, but rather reflects the coordinated implementation of common policies. At the core of this process lies the principle of participation, enshrined in the 2001 White Paper on European Governance. The article outlines the subjects of multi-level governance and delineates their respective competences. Particular attention is given to participatory democracy as a key instrument for ensuring the legitimacy of governance in the EU. The author concludes that to maintain the stability of «good governance», a balance must be found between citizen participation and trust in representative bodies authorized to make complex strategic decisions. Both traditional and digital forms of participation are examined, including public consultations, citizens’ panels, electronic petitions, surveys, etc. In the context of EU digitalization, the article analyzes platforms such as Have your word, SINAPSE, and Citizens’ Engagement, which enhance citizen involvement in decision-making processes. It is concluded that participatory democracy permeates all levels of governance – supranational, national, and subnational – ensuring citizen access to policy-making processes. This approach contributes to strengthening democratic legitimacy, transparency, and the public accountability of European institutions, as well as supporting Ukraine’s adaptation to European governance principles.