Fungal Extracellular Vesicles: New Perspectives in Intercellular Communication, Pathogenicity, and Host-Pathogen Interactions

Fungal Extracellular Vesicles (FEVs) are now recognized as crucial vectors of intercellular communication within fungal ecosystems and during host interactions. They transport proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids—modulating virulence, facilitating tissue invasion, and promoting immune evasion. This review consolidates recent findings on the definition, classification, and communication processes of FEVs and their pathogenic and immunomodulatory roles. Methods for vesicle characterization, potential therapeutic applications, and the challenges arising from their variability are also discussed. All this knowledge paves the way for interdisciplinary approaches to better understand and combat fungal infections.