Exposing Halogenated Airborne Pollutants by Non-Targeted Screening of Passive Samplers Using Ion Mobility-Mass Spectrometry

Air pollution poses significant risks to human health and the environment, necessitating comprehensive monitoring and analysis to identify and mitigate the presence of harmful pollutants. This study focuses on Hamilton and Sarnia, Ontario, Canada, known for their industrial activities and associated air pollution challenges. Employing gas chromatography coupled with ion mobility spectrometry and high-resolution mass spectrometry (GC-IMS-MS) on samples collected by polyurethane foam passive samplers, we aimed to uncover the presence of halogenated airborne organic pollutants, including those not typically monitored in standard air quality assessments. Our research successfully identified 19 groups of halogenated pollutants in the air samples. These include a range of chlorinated and brominated anisoles, as well as a previously undocumented polyfluoroalkyl substance (PFAS) that was confirmed with a synthesized standard. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), chlorinated organophosphate esters (OPEs) and various agricultural contaminants were also tentatively identified based on mass spectral interpretation. The study revealed significant differences in the pollutant profiles between the two cities, reflecting their distinct industrial influences. The application of non-target screening techniques also highlighted the complex nature of air pollution and the necessity for broader monitoring strategies to protect public health and the environment.