Integrating sensor technology in organic table olive cultivation: A case study

This study explores the integration of sensor technology into organic Kalamon table olive cultivation, focusing on soil temperature, moisture, and salinity dynamics at two organic farms in Messolonghi, Greece. The selected farms-Farm A (irrigated) and Farm B (dry)-represented distinct irrigation practices. An integrated sensor platform was deployed to continuously monitor soil moisture, temperature and salinity at various depths. Real-time data were collected at 10-minute intervals during the flowering-to-fruit-growth and ripening-to-harvest stages. Complementary meteorological data, including air temperature, relative humidity and rainfall, were obtained from local stations. The results revealed significant variations in soil temperature in both farms, with higher temperature fluctuations in shallow than deeper soil layers. Farm A maintained more stable temperatures in the upper soil layers, whereas Farm B displayed greater temperature fluctuations due to reduced moisture retention. In contrast, in deeper soil layers, Farm B retained more moisture, while Farm A demonstrated more pronounced moisture loss. Salinity distribution analysis revealed higher ion content in the surface soil layers of irrigated farm, whereas the non-irrigated farm showed better ion retention at deeper depths. Air temperature variations indicated distinct microclimatic differences between farms, with Farm A generally experiencing lower temperatures during the fruit ripening-to-harvest stage. These findings highlight the role of irrigation in stabilizing soil conditions and emphasize the importance of continuous monitoring and precise environmental tracking for enhancing sustainability in organic olive farming. Additionally, the integration of sensor data enables farmers to enhance irrigation practices, improving decision-making and ensuring the quality and authenticity of their produce from flowering to harvest.